International loan financing

First, the concept of international loans International loans, also known as "the international lending", "international credit", which means the borrower to the loan agreement to other countries or regions of the lender's loan funds of the international financing. International is a contract of loan financing, in different countries or regions with the borrower in accordance with the international lender of the loan agreement between the form of debt claims of international relations; man-made loans to borrowers in which the debtor, creditors, man-made loans. International lending is the basic feature: (1) international loan borrowers and lenders belong to a different country or region, and its loan agreements, and carry out acts of international dispute resolution practice, the meaning of the principle of self-government or state laws related to the disposal of this Unlike domestic loans. (2) international relations is essentially a loan the borrower and lender of debt claims, which is a legally-awaited settlement of credit and has the characteristics of the period, which is different from cross-border direct investment in the form of international equity Relations. (3) international loan to the loan agreement based on international, it is a contract of financing, is a particular borrower and the lender of a specific agreement between the behavior of their loans and the establishment of the creditors are subject to change the rules of the contract restrictions This is different from the securities financing. International loans are an important form of international finance, international capital flows have occupied the major share. Over the past 20 years, with the international securities market development, international finance means to the Securities and diversification, but the traditional lending agreement continues to be an important form of international financing and the typical form of financing its rapid, convenient and flexible features of other Difficult with the financial means to match. From the practice of view, the current international loans in the structure and means are increasingly tend to complicate this house if the lender based on risk diversification and enhance the security of repayment, rather than international lending their inherent characteristics. Historically, Britain and the United States and most developed countries in the process of industrialization and international loans are all closely related, and in the present circumstances, effective use of international financial means to get international loans to capital, obviously for developing countries to accelerate economic development, achieve Optimal distribution of resources is of important significance. International loans based on different classification criteria can be divided into different types. For example, the lender based on the nature of the international lending can be divided into government loans, international financial institutions and international loans to commercial bank lending; international lending period can be divided into short-term loans to international loans, loans to medium-term and long-term loans; international lending Organization can be divided into exclusive international loans to bank loans, syndicated loans and syndicated loans, and so on. From the flow of international capital markets, mainly in the form of international loans to commercial bank loans (personal loans), and government loans and international financial institutions, loans are usually based on specific policies and loans; loans from commercial banks, among The most typical syndicated loans, which reflects the modern international financing international loans in the basic and fundamental characteristics of the development. Second, government loans Government loans (Government Loan) is a government of its budget to fund another government so as to a specific agreement to provide preferential loans, such loans are usually based on bilateral agreements between countries or between countries and the provision of bilateral relations. If the industrialized countries under the OECD in developing countries to provide official development assistance loans, according to oil-exporting countries, "South-South cooperation" principle for developing countries to provide official development assistance loans are of. Government loans generally take in three ways: First, in order to provide export credit loans; II is simple and long-term loan agreement (the basic form of) loans; three of the above are two ways to provide the loans. A typical loan with the Government the following basic features: (1) government loan borrowers with loans per capita for specific governmental organizations, lending money from the lender of the country's revenue estimate. Such loans is essentially an act of state and national revenue credit, and therefore less subject to the domination of commercial principles. (2) government loan with low interest rates, less the cost of the additional benefits of nature. According to international practice hate, such preferential loans to at least contain not less than 25% of the "gift component", which is based on the interest rate, repayment period, grace period and comprehensive data to calculate the discount rate, such as a comprehensive indicator . Government loan interest rate is generally 1-3%, some even for free; the surcharge is usually limited to the commitment fees and handling charges or of a. (3) general government loans for medium and long-term loans. The loan period is usually 10 to 30 years, the usual grace period of 5 years to 7 years, up to a maximum of 10 years. (4) The majority of loans with certain conditions. For example, to require the borrower of loans of some of the loans to the country for the purchase of equipment, materials, technology or technical services in order to increase loans to the country's export trade; or government loans at the same time, require the borrower to use a certain percentage of related loans to the country's export credit In order to promote non-financial capital loans to the country's output. (5) government loan for the project loan. Its more limited use of the loans in line with bilateral agreements or economic and trade relations between the two sides of the important projects that go beyond the scope of the potential difficulties of loan applications, and is usually the case, the country's lending institutions will also be in accordance with the agreement of the borrowing countries to implement projects Regulatory process. (6) government loan of contracting procedures more complex. Such loans are usually the first country selected by the borrower, to prepare a project document to the State loan application; Second, the loans from the country on the feasibility of the project loans, project efficiency and planned to repay the loan review and assessment; again, in loans States agreed to an initial loan basis, through diplomatic or consular missions will submit a written loan commitment to the country, and then the two sides on the basic conditions of the loan, "an exchange of letters" to negotiate; by the end borrower and the lending institutions to lend the country agreed on the specific details of the loan agreement and By the two sides signed the loan agreements signed at the same time often have to procurement of materials related to the signing of the agreement and other ancillary documents. Third, international financial institutions lending International financial institutions lending refers to the international financial institutions as a lender to the borrower's loan agreement to provide preferential loans of the International. International financial institutions to loan the lender is not limited to global international financial institutions such as Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation (the World Bank Group), including regional and international financial institutions, such as the Asian Development Bank, the Pan-American Development Bank, African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, International Investment Bank. From the form that also belong to the International Monetary Fund global international financial institutions; content from the point of view, of the International Monetary Fund member countries to provide funds with specific nature of its loans be limited to members of the government agency loan The main purpose for its members to address balance of payments imbalance for the time being, its member states to adopt procedures for loan applications approved in the form of money, extract money without having to sign the loan agreement, which applies to "fund" provisions; they are at variance with Described in this section of the international financial institutions have a different quality. International financial institutions also have a non-preferential loans, and its basic features: (1) of the international financial institutions to loan the man-made specific international financial institutions and their borrowers often the designated area have also been restricted. For example, the World Bank loan borrowers is limited to members of government funds, government agencies, by government agencies to provide security for public and private enterprises, the International Development Association loans to borrowers limited to the poor development projects in developing countries parties, the Asian Bank loan borrowers Its members were limited to the development of investment projects in the region, the Inter-American Development Bank loan borrowers limited to its member parties, and must be "reasonable conditions can not get financing from private sources," the parties and so on. (2) of the international financial institutions to loan money comes mainly from member countries of the pay equity, as well as donations from international financial institutions, capital markets financing, the purpose of lending funds to encourage member countries are usually engaged in development projects, assistance to developing countries, especially Poverty is the country's economic development, not exactly the same as those for-profit only for the purpose of commercial loans. (3) of the international financial institutions, loans are usually more concessions, the interest rate generally lower than commercial bank loans, preferential loans may be lower than the rate of 3 percent or even for free; the surcharge is usually also include a commitment to procedures and fees Fee. Despite the international financial institutions, loans are not exactly the same as those between the government of "soft loans", but the conditions of the loan as a whole and as often preferential government loans. (4) of the international financial loans and long-term loans usually, the longer the period, the loan usually last for 10 years to 30 years (up to 50 years), more than a grace period of 5 years. (5) international financial institutions for loans to develop most of the loans, mainly for economic recovery or development projects, non-project loans are usually for supporting the use of this commercial bank loans and also very different. (6) international financial institutions for loans to the use of the loans often have strict limits not only the loan agreement require the borrower to comply with the strict purpose of the loan and the use of the terms of the loan, and lenders usually on the borrower's use of funds to carry out strict supervision and inspection. In the international financial institutions, as a lender of the international financial institutions that are usually independent of its loan agreement with the countries in the force of domestic law, based on international practice for many, the principle of autonomy (international loan agreement, the contents) and the International Monetary Loans issued by the agency to develop a model agreement rules (such as the World Bank in January 1985 amendments to the enactment of the "loan agreement and general security agreement," the International Development Association in January 1985 amendments to the enactment of the "development of the International Development Association credit agreement General" ); Its loan agreements often specified: "(This) loan agreement of the bank loan and the rights and obligations in accordance with the terms of the agreement into effect and must be implemented, regardless of any country or government of any law contrary Requirements. Banks and borrowers under this section in the Department of the right to take any legal action, because the banks adhere to the "agreement" and that the terms of any loan agreement any provision invalid or unenforceable. " In practice, this idea is often matched with the international arbitration system, which the Government's loan agreements and commercial bank loan agreement have some influence, of which the World Bank issued the "loan agreement and general security agreement" for all types of international loan agreements Guide is particularly evident. Fourth, international commercial bank loans International commercial bank loans, also known as the "international commercial loans" and "commercial bank loans," which refers to a country's commercial banks (or international financial institutions) as a lender to the loan agreement to borrowers in other countries to provide commercial loans. International Bank loan is an international loan of the most typical form, and international loans in the total share of the major proportion of its loan funds mainly come from commercial banking, and its lending rate to make more use of the international financial market interest rates. As the international commercial bank loans is relatively simple procedure, compared with government loans and international financial institutions to obtain loans easily, not with the use of its funds outside the terms of the commercial restrictions or conditions, the loan conditions based on market principles Suihangjiushi, for the economy Good efficiency and the shortage of funds for borrowers is the most effective and reliable source of financing. International Bank of the basic characteristics of the loan are: (1) Commercial bank loans and loans for borrowers in addition to the parties in different countries, in principle, subject to a specific identity. Most countries in accordance with the law, the lender can loan is a commercial banking business or any financial institution, the borrower may be subject to all kinds, and some developing countries (such as China) are based on external debt management policy, For their borrowers with certain restrictions on the qualifications. (2) commercial bank loan interest rate is usually to the international financial market interest rates, generally in accordance with the Bank of London on six-month Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus a certain interest rate or the rate of spread (Margin), the In addition to considering the amount of margin loans, loan terms and conditions of credit borrowers, the main basis for the financial markets to determine the relationship between supply and demand. (3) commercial banks for loans and term loans in the short-term loans, the loan period is usually 1 to 10 years, its interest-bearing and interest to more than 6 months for a; some commercial banks to take short-term revolving credit loan Way, for most of the rollover of loans. (4) Commercial bank loans are not specific purpose of the loan limit, but the lender to repay the loan based on the principle of security, the loan agreement and does not violate the principle of legitimate lenders often require the principle of capacity to operate in the loan agreement in the use of the loans included in the terms of the agreement After the signing of the consultations by the parties, should be about self-fulfillment. (5) Commercial bank loans, in principle, first of all by the principle of autonomy and the countries at the disposal of domestic law (usually the host Lender) and jurisdictions, followed by the international practice should also consider the requirements of its loan agreements usually contain provisions of the applicable law Jurisdictions and the terms of this loan with the Government and international financial institutions, loans are different. Commercial bank loans in accordance with international organizations to lend their way, can be divided into separate loans, syndicated loans and syndicated loans of three. Refers to a separate loan from a commercial bank independent of a borrower to the international agreement to provide loans, loan funds from a separate organization of the lender. Joint loan is defined as no more than the legal limit of conditions, from several international commercial banks as a co-lender to the borrower a joint agreement to provide international loans, in accordance with the laws of some countries, in co-financing of loans shall not more than 5 commercial banks Otherwise, the loan will be treated as selling of syndicated loans, to be applicable securities laws and in particular the relevant provisions of the law. Syndicated loans, also known as "syndicated loan", it generally refers to more than five international commercial banks or financial institutions in accordance with the legal documents of the agreement means the borrower to the joint agreement to provide a greater amount of international loans. Syndicated loans are currently the most typical loan financing, the most representative way; it includes not only the international relations Commercial loans in all the basic elements, but also reflects the credit spread risks and improve the efficiency of the financing requirements of the market, which in international business Bank lending practice, there is a growing universalizing tendency. The following sections of this chapter will be the international syndicated loan for the typical international commercial bank lending structure, procedures and legal documents to make a general introduction.

European banks are able to control the subprime mortgage problems

Moody's Investors Service (Moody's Investors Service Inc.) Issued two special comment that the U.S. subprime mortgage market crisis on a large European bank to control or influence on European banks, small risk, and Asia Banks in this regard due to less investment and the impact is limited. Moody's expects that the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis triggered by the financial turmoil for most European banks will be able to control. Moody's EMEA Financial Institutions Group in London, an official said Adel Satel, although in the secondary mortgage market, the prices of financial products, as well as market liquidity has declined significantly, resulting in reduction of bank assets, but Europe's major banks will continue to Access to good corporate efficiency as a whole; at the same time, although these banks are generally in the secondary mortgage market to hold large net positions, but with its own assets and liquidity compared to the amount of these positions could still be considered moderate. However, Moody's Investors Service on Europe's smaller banks more cautious. Moody's EMEA Financial Institutions in London of another person in charge Carballo warned that directly or indirectly invest in the secondary mortgage market, small investors may find that their liquidity, ability to cope with the risks or their financial resources are Not enough to deal with any valuation adjustments and the resulting liquidity of the corresponding demand. Moody's financial institutions in Asia in accordance with the preliminary findings are expected to invest in the global active as Asia's World Bank, the United States subprime mortgage problems will be relatively limited.

European bank loans to large losses of Britain's most injury

Management consulting firm Oliver Wyman and credit management services group Intrum Justitia study released Monday showed that the Department of the European Bank for the next three years in the consumer credit and mortgage business losses are expected to 120,000,000,000 euros (about 190,000,000,000 U.S. dollars), of which hit The most serious is that Britain, Spain and Ireland. Reuters, reported that the banking industry in Europe this year, consumer credit and mortgage business losses will be 34,700,000,000 euros, is expected next year amounted to 42,500,000,000 euros, representing a 35% higher than in 2007. Oliver Wyman partner Matthew Sebag-Montefiore said, "Despite the increased cost of financing and lack of liquidity of banks have been hit, but in view of some of the housing market slump, the general deterioration of the macroeconomic environment and rising inflation, we expect the entire European banking sector The overall retail credit losses will increase rapidly. " Bank of aggressive lending in the macroeconomic environment and the risk of rapid deterioration of the attack, Britain, Spain and Ireland will be the biggest victims.

Bank of Paris is Europe's largest bank loans Lehman creditors

According to the U.S. NBC TV (CNBC) 9 reported on 15, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.) Filed for bankruptcy protection in the relevant documents show that BNP Paribas (BNP Paribas) for Europe's largest investment bank Creditor bank loans. When the news broke, BNP Paribas shares fell. Wall Street had the fourth-largest investment bank - Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.), In a statement earlier on the 15th, will be announced in accordance with U.S. Chapter 11 bankruptcy bill to the Southern District of New York of the United States Bankruptcy Court for bankruptcy Protection. Lehman filed for bankruptcy documents show that the investment bank BNP Paribas loan exposure of up to 250,000,000 U.S. dollars for Lehman in Europe's largest creditor bank loans. Lehman was in the court documents cited in the 30 largest creditors, but also Europe the following banks: Bank of Sweden (Svenska Handelsbanken), Union Bank of Belgium (KBC), the British bank Lloyds (Lloyds TSB), Standard Chartered Bank ( Standard Chartered), as well as Den norske Bank (DnB NOR Bank ASA), and so on. Upon exposure of the above announcement, the bank-related shares dropped. Paris, one of 15 local banks in the morning trading down 6.2 percent, the Dow Jones - Stockton European bank index fell 5.6 percent over the same period. In addition, the Swedish commercial banks fell by 3.5 percent, Union Bank of Belgium fell 4.2 percent, Lloyds Bank fell 5.4 percent. Lehman filed for bankruptcy protection and revealed that the documents, the company's total assets amounted to 639,000,000,000 U.S. dollars, while total debt to 613,000,000,000 U.S. dollars. It also makes one stroke over Tom Lehman Drexel Burnham (Drexel Burnham Lambert), the United States in the history of the collapse of the largest financial companies. Since the collapse of the junk bond market, large-scale investment bank Drexel Burnham in 1990, was forced to file for bankruptcy. At the same time, the giant Swiss banks - UBS (UBS AG) of the stock market is also speculation that ushered in the fall. UBS, despite its direct competitor Credit Suisse (Credit Suisse) are Lehman declined to comment on its potential exposure in a position to comment, but market speculation, in the second half of this year, UBS may have to venture further because the write-down of assets 5,000,000,000 U.S. dollars. The news Monday UBS shares fell again, or more than the banking sector suffered heavy losses. In fact, UBS has been subjected to the current round of financial market turmoil hit banks in Europe. Switzerland Sonntags Zeitung newspaper said that UBS will further reduce the risk of investment in the second half of 5,000,000,000 U.S. dollars in mind. The newspaper said UBS is expected to be in its Oct. 2 meeting of shareholders prior to the disclosure of information related to write-down, but UBS declined to comment. Bank of Zurich, Switzerland (Zuercher Kantonalbank) head Claude - Zundel (Claude Zehnder), "The bad news is that the banking crisis is not over yet, the future will still have a large number of non-performing credit." He also stressed that "in view of the weekend Happened to further the possibility of asset write-down has risen. " Last month, UBS announced in the second quarter to further write-down of assets 5,000,000,000 U.S. dollars, a total write-downs rose to 420 million. At the same time, UBS announced that it would spin-off investment bank, said the bank is the investment banking dragged down by the core wealth management business into a deficit. As of GMT 8:15, UBS shares fell 10.1 percent to 21.14 Swiss francs per share; Credit Suisse fell 6 percent, to 49.50 Swiss francs per share. According to a UBS close to the insider, the bank Lehman's exposure to the "smaller" but he did not elaborate further.

Loans from international financial organizations to declare the domestic procedures and requirements

(A) loan to develop the planning National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance at the beginning of each year, according to both medium and long-term national development planning and related departments and areas mentioned in the project proposal, worked out over the next three years or five years, China's use of loans from international financial institutions preliminary plans and And international financial organizations to consult on the plan, and then based on the results of the consultations, the scheme will be submitted to the State Council for approval and implementation of the formal approval of the plan. The plan is due to the arrangements for the next three years or five years of the loan, and every year on a rolling plan update, it is known as the "three-year rolling planning" or "rolling five-year planning." Only three or included in the rolling five-year planning project will be possible eventually to use loans from international financial institutions and carry out related preparations, including feasibility studies and project approval, and so on. To develop a rolling plan on the basis of the original, and all local departments to the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance submitted to the use of loan applications. As a result, local governments or departments in charge of industry, according to their regions or sectors of economic development strategies and priorities put forward in a timely manner in the region and the department's use of foreign loan programs and applications submitted to the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance. Rolling projects are supported by the stability and flexibility. Once stability in the performance of the project was included in the plan, if there are no special circumstances, the Government and the international financial institutions are generally not the plan to make major adjustments. The flexibility in light of the new situation, the Government and the lending institutions would have to adjust the original loan program. (B) of the project approval Project approval is based on our current investment management system, all construction projects must be going through a process outside the loan project is no exception. Domestic project of the departments in charge of examination and approval projects mainly Development and Reform Commission, but outside the centralized management of the project loan sector is the financial sector, local finance departments at all levels of local government is representative of the debt, so the project approval process, there must be financial sector Participation. The loan project proposal by the general unit is responsible for the preparation of the project and pointed out that the above items, the local Development and Reform Commission in the financial sector at the same level of first instance or industry by the State Council department in charge of State Development and Reform Commission reported that after preliminary approval (large key projects By the National Development and Reform Commission reported that the State Council for approval), the Ministry of Finance Chaobao; limit of the following items from the local Development and Reform Commission at the same level in the financial sector or approval by the State Council department in charge of industry approval, reported the Ministry of Finance and National Development and Reform Commission filing. (C) approval of the feasibility study report The stage is outside the pre-credit projects in preparation for the approval of the essential aspects of the feasibility study of the examination and approval authority in accordance with the above and below by the National Development and Reform Commission and local Development and Reform Commission for approval. Specific procedures are as follows: 1, project proposals have been approved by the competent authorities or relevant departments issued a plan to build a unit to design or consulting units commissioned by the way, be responsible for carrying out a feasibility study to identify the unit. 2, proposed a feasibility study report. 3, above, by the project unit will be sent to study the feasibility of the project or department in charge of local pre-trial Development and Reform Commission, and then by the Project Development and Reform Commission or local authorities reported that National Development and Reform Commission for approval. Limit the following items from the project unit reported directly to the local authorities or the National Development and Reform Commission for approval, Chaobao National Development and Reform Commission filing. 4, for the above projects, National Development and Reform Commission received a report of the inquiry may be, first of all consulting firm commissioned by the project evaluation, and then based on an assessment of the feasibility study report for approval. On major projects and special projects, its research report by the National Development and Reform Commission reported that after the pre-approval of the State Council. State Department and the National Development and Reform Commission of the project feasibility study report or to apply for funding approval documents, external negotiations and signed the domestic on-lending for the entry into force, foreign debt registration, bidding and purchasing procedures and duty-free basis

Loans from international financial organizations to changes in the communications

With regard to loans from international financial institutions related to changes in the communications - International Fund for Agricultural Development Loan According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development borrowing countries the per capita national income to determine the level and duration of the loan period. By 2007, IFAD will be included in our level of low-income countries, so in order to fund the high degree of preferential loans to China's conditions for the provision of loans: interest-free loans, 0.75 percent in service charges, a 40-year loan period, including a grace period l0 years. From the beginning of 2008, IFAD will be included in China's middle-income country levels, adjust the loan conditions are: the World Bank loan for the hard half of the annual interest rate of loans, loans from the 40-year period be shortened to 20 years, including a grace period of 5 years . Tends to harden the conditions of loans, loan costs.

Foreign government loans Information Notice

At present, the availability of foreign government loans and lines are as follows: First, a Japanese government loan, the amount: about 120,000,000,000 yen. 2, loans: 0.75% -1.5% annual interest rate, repayment period of 30-40 years (including 10 years grace period). 3, currencies: the yen. 4, loan areas: environmental protection, radio and television, education and poverty alleviation. 5, the procurement requirements: Most of the projects from the procurement of all countries in the world, some of the restrictions on projects in China, Japan and procurement. 6, the bank-lending: The Export-Import Bank of China. Second, the Japan Bank for International Cooperation untied loans to 1, the amount of: temporary restriction. 2, the loan conditions: (1) when the yen loans, the annual interest rate of the yen for 6 months SWAP +0.28%, (the yen is currently 6 months SWAP 0.9%); (2) when the loan for the dollar, An annual interest rate of U.S. dollars for 6 months LIBOR +0.395%, (current U.S. dollars for 6 months LIBOR 1.3%); (3) loans: +13.5-year construction period (no grace period). 3, currencies: the yen, the dollar. 4, in the field of loans: Japan's interest in energy, industrial infrastructure and technological transformation projects. 5, the procurement requirements: international competitive bidding from all countries in the world of procurement. 6, the bank-lending: The Export-Import Bank of China, China Development Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Bank of China, China Construction Bank. Third, the German government a loan, the amount of: the actual balance of the current 300,000,000 euros. 2, the loan conditions: (1) soft loans: 0.75 percent annual interest rate, the loan period of 40 years (including a grace period of 10 years). (2) Commercial loans: German market interest rates, loan period of 10 years (including a grace period of 2-3 years). 3, currency: the euro. 4, and the use of terms used in the field: (1) Sewage Treatment: 100% soft loans, lending reference to the conditions of 1% annual interest rate for the loan in 20 years (including a grace period of 5 years). (2) garbage, wind power generation, medical and health: soft loans and 50% of all commercial loans, lending conditions when appropriate adjustments. (3) Rail Transit: soft loans and commercial loans ratio was 1:1.5, when on-lending conditions appropriate adjustments. (4) energy saving and environmental protection (central heating, industrial environmental protection): Soft loans and commercial loans ratio of 1:1, when on-lending to transfer the loan of equipment, according to the duration of the expected service life of the appropriate adjustment. (5) Finance: reference to the conditions for on-lending interest rate of 5.5% -7% of the loan period of 5-13 years (including a grace period of 2-5 years). 5, the procurement requirements: In addition to rail transportation projects and small projects for international bidding credit, the other item for the limited bidding (from the German side is responsible for the total package, Germany to supply components for more than 50% of the contract amount, the rest can be used for the first And the three countries on China's domestic procurement. However, domestic procurement priority should be given to some of the Sino-German joint venture, and to ensure that all procurement of equipment and technology, the quality and compatibility). 6, the bank-lending: (1) of the main state-owned commercial banks and policy banks. (2) of the Agricultural Bank of China, Huaxia Bank, China Everbright Bank, China Minsheng Bank, Shenzhen Development Bank lending to SMEs. Project units directly to the bank to apply for the project without financial guarantees from the bank to carry out an independent assessment of the work and on-lending to bear the risk of lending. 7, the other requirements: Chinese and English are required to provide project proposal or feasibility study, which the German side for project evaluation and approval of loans. Fourth, the Government of Switzerland for a loan amount: about 20,000,000 euros per year, the two sides agreed on the item-by-loan signing of the agreement. The average loan amount for each item for 8000000-12000000 Swiss francs. 2: 40% -50% of the grant and the rest for export credit. Loan-funded projects contract value of 100%. 3, Currency: Swiss francs. 4, areas: sewage treatment, air pollution and other environmental protection projects. 5, the procurement requirements: Switzerland supply ratio of not less than 51%. 6, on-lending banks: state-owned commercial banks and policy banks. 7, the other requirements: Chinese and English are required to provide the project feasibility study, which the foreign project assessment and approval of loans. Fifth, the French government a loan, the amount of: do not pre-committed credit lines for projects of mutual interest at any time and to consult the Financial signing of the Protocol, to be confirmed. 2: the French government loan from the state treasury loans and export credits, usually the ratio of 50%. The treasury loan conditions change slightly every year, but the mixture of the two types of loans are generally in the grant element of 35% or more. Specific loan terms are as follows: treasury loans accounted for 50% of the annual interest rate of 0.4 percent, the loan period of 30 years (including a grace period of 10 years); the remaining 50% for export credit, the use of OECD uniform rate, 10-year loan period, grace period Usually for the project construction period. On the part of the French companies were especially interested in technology and equipment exports to China is of special significance to the market's major projects, the French side is willing to consider providing more favorable conditions for the special loans. 3, currency: the euro. 4, the use of the area: the main focus on large-scale infrastructure construction (such as the subway, high-speed railway, the railway transformation of public works equipment, urban light rail transportation), high-tech environmental protection projects (municipal solid waste incineration power generation, large-scale urban water supply and sewage treatment, etc.) , Fire equipment, medicine, natural gas transmission and distribution pipeline, the smart card production line, agricultural development (spray irrigation, drip irrigation, greenhouse, etc.) as well as French companies to expand China's market-friendly high-tech industrial and agricultural projects. 5, Procurement: principle, the amount of project contract to procure 85% of French technology and equipment, 15% can be used for procurement of a third country. 6, on-lending banks: China Development Bank, Export-Import Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Bank of China, Bank of Communications. Sixth, the Italian government a loan, the amount of: Italy's commitment to environmental protection category, health care, education, heritage preservation projects, such as loans 100,000,000 euros; small and medium-sized industrial projects in 5000-7000 loan 10,000 euros. 2: environmental protection projects using pure soft loans, annual interest rate of 0.5 percent, the loan period of 35 years (including 14 years grace period); small and medium-sized industrial projects, the use of hybrid or pure soft-loan lending, the specific conditions to be agreed. 3, currency: the euro to use environmentally friendly types of loans; the use of loans to small and medium-sized industrial projects in U.S. dollars. 4, the use of areas: environmental protection projects for urban water supply, sewage treatment, natural gas pipeline transmission and distribution, health, heritage, and so on; small and medium-sized industrial projects in Italy for exporters to provide technology, equipment and services. 5, Procurement: principle, the project contract amount of 85% of Italy to procure technical equipment, 15% can be used for procurement of a third country. Small and medium-sized industrial projects strictly enforce this requirement; environmental protection projects by Italian experts in the assessment report to the Italian government agreed to examination and approval, the proportion of China's domestic purchasing power can be Koudao by 30%; medical equipment or a third country of China's domestic procurement ratio can be relaxed to 50% . 6, on-lending banks: China Development Bank, Export-Import Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of China, Bank of Communications, and so on. 7, the other requirements: environmental protection projects, the Chinese side to provide a feasibility study English, for which foreign loans and the evaluation of the project examination and approval. Seven, the Spanish government a loan, the amount of: 700,000,000 U.S. dollars of mixed government loans. 2: 50% for soft loans, annual interest rate of 0.2% -0.8% of the loan period of 30 years (including 10 years grace period); the other 50% for export credit, the use of OECD uniform rate, the loan period of 5-10 years. 3, currencies: the dollar, the euro. 4, the use of areas: railways, urban rail transit, traffic control, wind power, solar energy, water treatment, waste disposal, environmental protection, city fire service, health care, teaching training, communications, agriculture (including agricultural processing, irrigation, greenhouse glass, etc.) and Loan in the amount of 2,000,000 special drawing rights of the following types of small-scale industrial projects. 5, the cost of loans: Spain to charge for some of the credit export credit insurance, of which 50% of the loan can be used to pay; no commitment fees and handling charges. 6, procurement requirements: a third country and domestic procurement ratio of no more than Spain were 15% of the total supply. 7, on-lending banks: the Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Export-Import Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of Communications and China Development Bank. The first four banks with the credit bureau official Spain signed a package of small and medium-sized project loan agreement. Eight, the Dutch government a loan, the amount of: the original amount promised in there about 100,000,000 U.S. dollars by the extension will be held after the end of June 2003 due to commitments and the Netherlands will remain in the ORET program based on specific projects to provide loans to China. 2: project loans of 35% for government grants; another 65% for export credit, the use of OECD uniform rate, the loan period of 6-10 years, or by self-financing solution to the user. 3, currency: the euro, the U.S. dollar. 4, the use of areas: water, health care, environmental protection, natural gas transmission and distribution pipelines, traffic control, water-saving irrigation (sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, etc.), agricultural processing in the field of non-profit. Netherlands 2,000,000 no longer support the special drawing rights under the profit-making small and medium-sized industrial projects. 5, the procurement requirements: Contract for more than 50% of the total procurement to be Dutch technology, equipment or services, Africa and Netherlands by the Dutch supplier of components suppliers, the total package, the Netherlands and the Export Credit Insurance Corporation insurance. 6, the bank-lending: The Export-Import Bank of China, Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Bank of Communications. 7, the other note: According to the Dutch government approval requirements, according to the Chinese side requested OECD English project feasibility study, which the foreign project assessment and approval of loans. Nine, Austria 1, government loans, the amount of: do not pre-committed lines, the two sides agreed on the first item of business contracts signed, the Austrian Government ratification of the contract to be signed after the inter-bank financial agreement. 2, conditions: A: Loan period: 25-year grace period: 5 years, the annual interest rate: 2.75% B: 20-year grace period for loans: 5 years, the annual interest rate: 2.35 percent from the period after the last batch of delivery begins ; The smallest item in the amount of 1,500,000 euros; 100% of the amount of business contracts by the Government to pay the loan; Austrian side will be based on different types of projects every year to collect 0.6% -1% of the credit insurance. 3, currency: the euro. 4, the use of areas: urban water supply, sewage treatment, health care, irrigation, education, fire protection, garbage disposal, and so on. 5, the procurement requirements: the amount of project contract to procure 75% of Austria, 25% can be used for the procurement of the three countries and China. 6, on-lending banks: commercial banks and policy banks. 10, a Belgian government loan, the amount of: (1) The soft loan, depending on the specific projects may be, about 5,000,000 U.S. dollars. (2) super-subsidized loans, depending on the specific projects may be, about 5,000,000 U.S. dollars. 2: (1) soft loans, interest-free loans for 30 years (including 10 years grace period), accounting for 48.53 percent of the amount of the contract; for the rest of the export credit, the use of OECD uniform rate, the loan period 6-10年. (2) super-loan subsidies, that is, the Belgium government will grant more than 80% of the ingredients in soft loans and commercial loans mixed, so that the mixture of the lending rate to 2% or below, to extend the loan period to 15 years (including more than 5 years The grace period) or more. 3, currency: the euro, the U.S. dollar. 4, the use of areas: urban water supply, sewage treatment, garbage disposal, radio and television editing equipment, pharmaceutical and other fields. 5, the procurement requirements: a third country, in principle, the proportion of procurement contracts for more than 25% of the total. 6, the bank-lending: The main policy banks and state-owned commercial banks. 11, Denmark 1, government loans, the amount is: the actual balance of about 125,000,000 U.S. dollars. 2: (1) loan amount of 15,000,000 euros following the project and try to put into production after a 10-year repayment, interest-free. (2) loan amount of 15,000,000 euros over the project and try to put into operation at 15 years of repayment. When the loan currency into U.S. dollars, an annual interest rate of 1.2 percent loans; when the euro currency loans, the loans carry an annual coupon of 0.3 percent. (3) of the loan amount is below the 2,000,000 Special Drawing Rights competitive, post-production test at 8 years of repayment, interest-free loans financed 85 percent of the amount of the contract. 3, currency: the euro, the U.S. dollar. 4, the use of areas: urban water supply, sewage treatment, wind power generation, waste treatment, vocational education and training, central heating, medical equipment, food processing and environmental protection. 5, the procurement requirements: Denmark supply ratio of not less than 50%. 6, the other requirements: to provide English project feasibility study, which the foreign project assessment and approval of loans. 12, Norway 1, government loans, the amount of: depending on the specific project, agreed by the two governments. 2: non-interest bearing, the 10-year loan period, a grace period for the construction period. General government loans accounted for 85% of the amount of the contract and another 15% by the self-unit project; in order to apply for contracts under the project 100% of the loan amount, subject to the submission of Norway to the approval of the competent authorities. 3, currency: the euro, the U.S. dollar. 4, the use of areas: sewage treatment, garbage disposal, air pollution control, health, cultural heritage protection. 5, the procurement requirements: an international tender. 6, the bank-lending: The Export-Import Bank of China, Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. 7, the other requirements: to provide English project feasibility study, which the foreign project assessment and approval of loans. 13, the Swedish government a loan amount: about 30,000,000 U.S. dollars per year, depending on the specific projects, agreed upon by the two governments. 2: non-interest bearing, the 10-year loan period, a grace period for the construction period. General government loans accounted for 85% of the amount of the contract and another 15% by the self-unit project; in order to apply for contracts under the project 100% of the loan amount, subject to the submission of Sweden approval of the competent authorities. 3, currency: the euro, the U.S. dollar. 4, the use of areas: transportation, telecommunications, urban water supply, sewage treatment, garbage disposal, central heating and environmental protection. 5, the procurement requirements: Generally, the proportion of non-Swedish supply less than 70%; for the Swiss side of the specific approval of the project would enhance the proportion of purchasing a third country. 6, the bank-lending: The Export-Import Bank of China, Bank of China, China Construction Bank. 7, the other requirements: to provide English project feasibility study, which the foreign project assessment and approval of loans. 14, the Nordic Investment Bank loans 1, the amount of: the actual balance of the existing 100,000,000 U.S. dollars. 2: an annual interest rate of LIBOR plus 0.65 percent, the loan period of 10-20 years and a grace period for the construction period. 3, currency: the euro, the U.S. dollar. 4, the use of areas: pulp and paper, telecommunications, energy, environmental protection, machinery manufacturing and processing, medical equipment, food processing, agriculture and animal husbandry products processing. 5, the procurement requirements: the Nordic countries the ratio of supply of not less than 70%. 6, the bank-lending: The Export-Import Bank of China, China Development Bank, the Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of Communications. Five-Year Plan, the Government of Canada 1 loan amount: the actual balance of the current 3000-5000 million. 2: 42% for soft loans, loan period of 40 years (including a grace period of 15 years), non-interest bearing; 58% for export credit, the use of OECD uniform rate; loans usually last for 10 years; building for a period of grace. 3, Currency: Canadian dollar. 4, the use of areas: urban water supply, sewage treatment, environmental protection, rural telecommunications, electricity, agricultural machinery, automotive oil to gas, medical equipment and so on. 5, the procurement requirements: I force Canada to increase supply by the ratio of different projects identified. 6, the bank-lending: The main policy banks and commercial banks. 16, Poland 1, government loans, the amount of: the existing balance of 80,000,000 U.S. dollars actually. 2: annual interest rate of 1.98 percent, the loan period of 16 years (including a grace period of 2 years) and the banks do not charge fees (such as commitment fees, security fees). 3, currencies: U.S. dollars. 4, the use of areas: sewage treatment, environmental protection equipment, central heating and other environmentally friendly projects. 5, the procurement requirements: Poland supply ratio of not less than 80%. 6, the bank-lending: The Export-Import Bank of China, Bank of China. 17, the Israeli government a loan, the amount of: 200,000,000 U.S. dollars. 2: loans for a period of 10 years, the annual interest rate of 2.5 percent. The loan is divided into 15% and 85% of the deposit part of the long-term loans, some of the down payment should be delivered in 6 months after the payment of interest at the rate of 1.5 percent; 70% of the long-term loans in the first 5-year loan repayment and the other 30% of the loan in After 5 years of repayment, the annual interest rate of 2.5 percent per annum equal time to repay. Loan in the amount of 15,000,000 U.S. dollars or more belong to the communications, environmental protection, education and in the field of agricultural science and technology projects, loans for a period of 12 years, a grace period for the construction period, the annual interest rate of 2.5 percent. 70% of which part of the first 6 years to repay, and the other 30% in 6 years after the repayment, half-yearly payment equal time. The first payment should be delivered within 6 months (general trade) or after the completion of the project for 6 months (for transactions). 3, currencies: U.S. dollars. 4, the use of fields: health care, telecommunications, environmental protection, education and agricultural technology development. 5, the procurement requirements: loan in the amount of 15,000,000 U.S. dollars or more, the proportion of its supply Israel of not less than 50%; not yet signed a contract for the medical services business and other items, which supply Israel ratio of not less than 60%. 18, a South Korean government loan amount: about 50,000,000 U.S. dollars. 2: 100% soft government loans, the loan period of 20-30 years (including a grace period of 5-10 years), the annual interest rate of 2.5 percent. 3, Currency: won. 4, the use of areas: urban infrastructure (airports, highways, bridges, etc.), water supply, sewage disposal, agricultural development, education, information technology. 5, the procurement requirements: South Korea supply the proportion of 60% -70%. 6, the bank-lending: The main policy banks and commercial banks. 7, the other requirements: to provide English project feasibility study, which the foreign project assessment and approval of loans. 19, Finland 1, government loans, the amount of: depending on the project, from two Finnish government agreed on concrete. 2: non-interest bearing, the 10-year loan period, the construction period of grace. 3, currency: the euro, the U.S. dollar. 4, the use of areas: energy, medical equipment, urban water supply, sewage treatment, rural machinery, central heating, agriculture and animal husbandry products, and environmental protection. 5, the procurement requirements: Finland supply ratio of not less than 51%. 6, the bank-lending: The Export-Import Bank of China, Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Construction Bank. 7, the other requirements: to provide English project feasibility study, which the foreign project assessment and approval of loans. In terms of the loan project implementation unit of affiliation from various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities plan to the Department of Finance (Council) and central departments to solicit, after the audit to the declaration of the Ministry of Finance. The project reported that according to state regulations, completion of the internal procedures for project approval. Please provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of Finance (Board) of the above information will be forwarded the relevant departments, units and procurement companies.

China's economy into the world to benefit from world

European Investment Bank president Philippe Masitade in a few days ago at the Luxembourg headquarters of the Xinhua News Agency special correspondent Visit, pointed out that China's economic growth, China's economy to faster integration into the world economy, which will allow the world by Benefits. Masitade in left for Beijing to participate in the trip to the Capital Airport expansion project before the signing ceremony of loan The exclusive interview. He said that China is a very open economy, exports are many, but do not forget China At the same time, is also a large number of imports, China's huge market in other countries to promote economic development. This year in particular, in July China's RMB exchange rate formation mechanism reform, the international community to convey a positive signal. Masitade also pointed out that due to China's economic scale of China's economy and world economic integration process The rest of the world will bring challenges. He stressed that in the face of such challenges, the Europeans are the only viable industry to speed up Modernization and economic transformation, especially through the implementation of the EU's "Lisbon strategy", as soon as possible so as to enable Europe to become a Knowledge-based, to lead the technological innovation of the new economy. Masitade textiles as an example to illustrate the implementation of the EU economy. He pointed out that as early as 10 years ago Europe's textile and garment manufacturers knew the textile quotas will be lifted. Unfortunately, the textile industry in Europe Adjustment is done "too little" in an attempt to force them through the restoration of quotas to protect their own interests, This, in turn, sparked between the EU-China textile trade disputes, and led to tens of millions of pieces of Chinese textiles and clothing piled up in EU States should not enter the port clearance. Masitade believe that after friendly consultations, the EU-China textile trade dispute will be resolved. He pointed out that China's economic development is a reality, the Europeans must learn to adapt to major changes. As the EU-China trade by Chang, trade friction may arise, but in the long run, the two sides to each other through trade and industrialization at a reasonable Work to achieve "win-win" situation. Masitade also briefed the reporters about the European Investment Bank loans in China's case. He said that so far, Europe Island-based investment bank, "mutually beneficial EU-China" principle, in sewage treatment, highway and sea oil exploration in areas such as the China issued the loan. In the process, China showed strong openness and the spirit of fruitful cooperation, To strengthen the European Investment Bank loans to China to strengthen confidence. Masitade pointed out that the European Investment Bank to the airport in the capital projects in low-interest loans amounted to 500,000,000 euros, the EU is Continents of Asia's largest investment bank in the loan. The loan has been the European Investment Bank for all members of the Board of Directors, That is, the EU's 25 member states unanimously approved. These facts have fully demonstrated the EU hopes to strengthen cooperation with China Strategic partnership between China and the political will. European Investment Bank by all EU member states co-financing, is a major EU member states and the European Union Neighboring countries to provide long-term loans of international financial institutions, their loan amount up to 450 million euros, or more than The World Bank. Since 1993, the European Investment Bank has begun to Asia and Latin America countries and regions to provide loans .

My loan plan

Today, I see in the store is a dream team of four-wheel-drive chassis, I want to buy, and no money, so I made a payment to the mother, from mother to borrow money from me and then I work through the money back to her mother. Four-wheel-drive car to buy to enhance my intelligence, competitiveness, assembled and team spirit through the work of the baby can bring joy to her mother. First, the purpose of the loan To buy four-wheel-drive Second, the analysis of the project 1. I can to strengthen the intelligence, competitiveness, assembled and team spirit. 2.'s Baby through labor, can bring joy to her mother. Third, the repayment plan I also 6 cents per day, 12 yuan a 10-day total yet, I also 6 cents per day of the plan are: 1. Dishes 2 4 Kok, an angle 2 2. Discredited 1 1 pt 3. Refuse 1 1 Kok Fourth, the feasibility analysis In fact, every day was also the lowest in the hexagonal, homework can help with: So a corridor 5, c. Xi Wazi 1 1 pt Buchang to. Mother agreed! Long live!

Girl snail's Loan Scheme

Long live! Single women economy era has arrived! I'd like to buy a Hermes scarf Hermes scarf, and would like to open SUV on the open SUV, want to buy an apartment on ... ... and so on, but at every turn to buy a house on the expenditure involved Baishi Wan number of events, often used to the bank Loan - related homework ahead of time to do a good job, sort out the details of each mortgage payment, so as to be worthy of LV purse hard-earned hard-earned money! However, another woman is born with the number of blind be able to remember their own house is a few thousand dollars per square meter purchased would be a blessing, think about what interest, the loan-to-business-day fund ... ...! When a loss as to how to sort out? On-line, on a variety of advantages and disadvantages compared to repay Chengshan into the sea, but those cumbersome terms, let's always a headache for the number of women we have to avoid any connection. In fact, the media do not have to obey the guidance of the confusion, just call any bank loans, customer service staff will give you the most easily accessible to answer: Excluding one-time payment, loan repayment options for the way banks are: to The freedom of two girls in the world: you choose for equal principal repayment. This method of repayment also known as the diminishing law, the maximum amount in the first month, month by month after the reduction. For the single-paid women, in the early stages of the house because there is no additional cost, high enough to support the repayment amount. And a few years into the marriage and child-raising stage, economic pressure, the lower amount will not create pressure. To the simple love of girls worry: For you, equal to repay principal and interest, of course, is the most convenient method, this method is in accordance with the duration of the loan principal and interest on average loan is divided into a number of equal monthly payments the same amount. In other words, you only need to remember that when a loan amount, after the bank every month to keep the same line of the money. To be envious of the Golden family: Because your funds are sufficient, and there are plans in accordance with the long-term career planning, future revenue will increase with age and to increase, the law should be equal to repay principal and interest is for you, it is the repayment period is divided into a number of time In each time period on the same amount, but the next time than the last time the amount increased by a fixed proportion, as is the proportion of adjustable, so the need for flexibility in your financial management, more Convenient and practical! The strength and stability to the work of women: In fact, the repayment of principal and interest equal with the above law, said the third method is basically the same, only a fixed proportion with a fixed amount. This way of repayment for the work of women in public institutions, can be said to be suitable for longer enough. Because their income will increase with the length of service, and do not need to worry about the extra child-care costs, so this method has another name, "the civil service law to repay," Is it interesting? Which loan is more cost-effective way? Internet speculation on a lot of heated discussions "and so on and so on with the present rate" on the other, how exactly is all about? In the end what kind of loan is more the way to save money? The most direct answer is simple: The repayment of four ways, according to the time value of money, the equivalent of all of its expenditures. So how can come out of the so-called "equal principal repayment of principal and interest repayment method than matching method to save money" on this point? This is just a description of the skills, if the interest alone, the former seems to be a way to repay several thousand to tens of thousands to save money; but it did not take into consideration inflation and the value-added funds. Keep this in mind, the bank will not repay any of the design approach to allow customers to be abused, otherwise it does not ask the banks to you. Loan Scheme, how do? To determine the first, of course, is the first payment and credit lines, here are a few simple formula available to you only need it in the light of the information provided loans to plan, there is no need to repeatedly consulted with her boyfriend! The first payment = total cash payment of the funds may be - uncertainty reserve expenditure - expenditure for the foreseeable future - to be used for investment funds - took place in the house. = Total amount of loans and paying back the principal - the first payment, then, a month in the end how much they have to repay, that is, how long number of years apply for a loan in order not to affect our style of living? This is necessary to calculate accurately, otherwise the face of so many beloved luxury, we can do nothing about the. Also on loan = (monthly income - the average monthly expenditure) × loans accounted for the highest proportion of household income to allow the value. The experts believe that the best loan purchase price at 6 times the annual income of less loans in the period of 8-15 years. In this context, the average monthly decline in the amount of faster, smaller monthly repayment pressure, but pressure to bear more reasonable. 20% -30% in the first paragraph will be in a better job before the 30-year-old woman, after all, home to the realization of a dream, a dream that if the premise is too heavy, even if Rose is a fantasy-like pale would do.

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Getting Rid of Hemroids at Home

Hemroids not only hurt an individual, but also go a long way to cause embarrassment all the time. Its no secret that none of you would like to talk about your Hemroids. It raises the remoteness to find a cure that is both natural and safe, to rid your Hemroids. If you knew any internal or external Hemroids cure, wouldn’t you be relieved of embarrassment and botheration caused by it? In order to prepare yourself, with the solutions to rid Hemroids without surgery, apply the information given in this article. If you have a flared up internal or external hemroid, start the treatment for the hemroid, though you would like to apply any topical remedy like ointment, foam or cream. If you would like to use any topical medication, try for natural ones like Vitamin E, as it works well on the skin. Even the latest over the counter products help you in ridding Hemroids to great extent. They not only decrease the irritation and soreness but also diminish the flare up, for at least a short phase. In order to rid your Hemroids, without the costly and pain causing surgery and for long lasting relief, keep reading. It is not even worthwhile to undergo surgeries for minor ailments like Hemroids. For a long-lasting relief, you should begin with diet regulation. For Hemroids to remain undeveloped include lot of fiber in your diet. Vegetables and fruits like banana, apple, cherry etc are rich in these. You can even include fiber supplements, so that your body gets the sufficient amount of fiber, it requires. Also, remember always try not to be sedentary. Studies have concluded that Hemroids are common among those individuals, who remain seated in the chairs or lie on the bed for longer durations. Exercise on a regular basis to reduce Hemroids apart from following a good fiber rich diet. Having lots of water all round the day is also very essential, as water has natural cleansing effects. This will greatly help in ridding Hemroids and keeping the body much healthier. If you have the awareness of ridding Hemroids naturally with home based hemroid treatments, you can do so without undergoing the painful procedure of a surgery. The best part is if you know the method of getting rid of them, you are healthy.

Personal loans

Before a few years, people used to consider that one who is availing loan is undergoing bad financial status. However, this concept has been left behind with the pace of time. Nowadays, people don’t think as they used to before a couple of years ago. The perception and mentality of today’s people has been far enhanced than ever before and this is obviously because of enhancement in everything related to our daily life. People of today highly prefer availing loan. Availing personal loan is almost common among the people at present. There are mainly two separate types of personal loans. Secured personal loan is the first one and another one is unsecured personal loan.
You’ve to keep your asset as a security to your lender if you’re intending to avail secured personal loan. You need to undergo this task because lenders want complete security of their money in these types of loan. For this purpose, they don’t charge high interest rate. They manage simply by charging the reasonable rate of interest, but they only provide the loan to you if you kept any of your assets with those lenders for ensuring the security of the amount of their loan.
Unlike secured personal loan, you’ll be offered with unsecured loans without keeping any of your assets with your lender. All you need to do is a few documentations and you can avail unsecured personal loan at ease. However, one of its features that most of the people love to hate is the rate of interest that arrives with these loans. If you want to avail unsecured personal loan, you should pay high rate of interest to your lender. And it is actually obvious as well because you lender will risk a huge amount of his money just for your sake only in few high interest rate and don’t even keep any of your assets as the security of their provided loan. Most importantly, compare loans that differ with one lender to another lender. The only best option for getting the cheap personal loan for you is conducting comparison among the personal loans being offered by several different lenders.

Student Loans Pose a Challenge Amidst a Struggling Economy

The future of America resides in the youth that come into their own today and achieve their dreams so that they can apply themselves to a better tomorrow. Of course, this often means going to college and finding a study that is right for you, and then applying yourself diligently to that subject and then developing a career based on it. A perfectly fine idea in itself, but the process today can be quite a struggle, especially when one considers the degree to which the economy imposes tough situations on aspiring would-be students looking to get into college for the first time.In recent history, loaners have tightened their standards considerably when it comes to potential debtors. The mortgage industry crisis has sent out shock waves that have caused a considerable impact on adjacent prospects, such as loans for all sorts of purchases and investments. Unfortunately, education was not spared, and it is pretty challenging for someone just starting out to try and find a good way to get into a promising school by means of securing a loan and using it to finance his or her tuition.Of course, the Federal Government has several opportunities set up to help young people get into school, and getting a loan by this means can provide you the safest and least expensive method of getting a solid education without having to tie yourself up in the hassle of a bank or loan company. However, even the Federal Government has pulled back the reigns on their operations, and as such, some private schools won't even accept a federal government loan on several grounds, such as student over-dependence or fiscal irresponsibility.The current circumstances are tough, but still quite navigable, provided you do your research and look into the available opportunities and determine which ones are right for you. A loan is entirely obtainable, but not every loan is ideal, so consider your options carefully and agree to something only after you are absolutely confident that you're getting a fair deal.

Reverse Mortgages on the Rise

The Washington Times newspaper is reporting that an increasing number of individuals are turning to reverse mortgages for retirement income. With reverse mortgages, homeowners draw on the equity in their homes.The Federal Housing Administration reports that the number of home-equity conversion mortgages has increased an astounding 249% since the year 2005. Some 107,558 such loans were accessed in the year 2007. These loans are available only to individuals older than age 62. With such loans, homeowners can take out a loan that requires no repayment and permits them to continue to live in their homes. The debt is ultimately repaid when the borrower moves or dies.Financial experts say that the loans are especially popular with the 34 million U.S. citizens over age 65 who have retired or who soon will retire but don’t expect to receive a large sum in retirement income.The rise in reverse mortgages should hardly come as a surprise. To begin with, the nation appears to be experiencing an economic downturn which could lead to a full-fledged recession. As a result, the nation’s most vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, are now feeling the pinch.For another, an increasing number of Baby Boomers are heading toward retirement. These homeowners are more inclined to borrow money than previous generations have been. Reverse mortgages can be seen as a safe way to obtain extra income during tough economic times.With reverse mortgages, the day of reckoning can seem far into the future. Thanks to the nation’s increasing longevity, new retirees can expect to live for a significant length of time after retirement. As a result, they may view death as decades away, so their reverse mortgages will not have to be repaid for quite some time to come.

Down Payments Are Just A Good Idea

Buying a home is one of the most important purchases that a consumer can make. Owning a home is not only an important investment but many believed that it is the realization of a very important dream. For consumers living in the United States buying a home is achieving the American Dream, for others it is seen as a right.Many who go into the housing market are new to making such a purchase and do not understand the need for that initial down payment. With loans and mortgages many consumers are not waiting until they have sufficient money saved up to make even the 20% of the down payment. Experts agree that this is a mistake which will cost the new home owners several thousands of dollars each year.Down payments vary from neighbourhood to neighbourhood depending on various factors such as wages and unemployment rates and such. No matter the cost of the down payment, home owners should at the very least have 20% of that amount before buying the home. This is to avoid the added fees of having a private mortgage insurance.Private mortgage insurance is required in most areas where the buyer takes out a loan to cover more then 80% of the value of the home. So having a mere 10% or 15% of the down payment for the home is not going to cover it.The payment for the mortgage insurance does not go towards the balance of the home or the loans so it is money that buyers could save if they had waited before buying. Along with avoiding any extra costs such as the private mortgage insurance, buyers who save up 20% can qualify for better loans which will keep those monthly mortgage payments at a manageable level.Financial advisors understand that saving up for a down payment is hard and it can be just too tempting to take out a loan that covers most of the value of the home. Patience is important and will pay off in the end.

Number of Renters on The Rise

America currently isn't getting any richer. While a lot of things said about the economy is embellished, it certainly can't be denied that the economy is stuttering to say the least. The number of automotive jobs in recent months have plummeted, and the mortgage industry is still struggling with its loan crisis, but otherwise, the nation is still functioning pretty well.The number of foreclosures that has surged in recent history has led many people to become renters. While the issue of losing a home certainly isn't good news, the fact of the matter is that the overall changes this country is seeing in that regards depends on the perspective given to it.Instead of seeing something as a bad thing, perhaps its just the changes that should be noted, because on one hand, these people that are losing homes are certainly not profiting from the issue, but on the other, there is a surge in the rental market that is seeing more and more rental properties becoming available publicly at very affordable rates, and are being taken at the same speed that they are brought to the market.In fact, due to the financial landscape's sluggishness, there is a growing trend for people facing today's harsh economic conditions to switch to rental properties or to convert their own homes into rental space. For the former, it is often those very same people that have lost their homes due to foreclosure that have had to deal with finding a property to rent in order to survive and for the latter, it is those families that want to avoid a similar fate by finding people willing to room with them in order to help meet mortgage payments.These issues come as a remarkable change of pace compared to the last couple of years, when the housing bubble was still in place and many renters felt the need to purchase homes because of their rising costs and the enormous value that was assigned to property. That need was based on artificial value, however, and now with the market in a recession, renters are growing in number and very few people are interesting in purchasing homes at the moment due to harsh lending regulations and diminishing property values.

What To Do If You Fear Defaulting On Student Loans

For many, that student loan is the only way to reach that higher education. College is a vital step especially in today’s world where not only skill and experience is valued but so is education. With this in mind, students are using grants, scholarships, and even loans to reach their dreams and to achieve that piece of paper.The problem with student loans comes after graduation which serves as a rude awakening for many. With student loans, the repayment period starts after graduation. Students only realize then that those four or six or eight years of not having to worry about the loan could have been better spent. There is no point in focusing on the past, so it is important to start planning for the future.If you are worried about defaulting on your student loan then there are a few options open to you.Now, ideally, your loans should not have been more then what you could have afforded to pay back. The standard guideline for this is to estimate how much your first year’s salary will be after graduation and make certain not to borrow more then that. This will not work for everyone especially for anyone wanting to go into a specialized career path such as medical or law.You will not want to wait until you are delinquent on the loan repayment to do anything about it. You know your finances well enough to know when you are entering a rough patch and when you will be unable to meet a payment. So, when you approach difficulty you will want to apply for forbearance or a deferment. Your lender will be able to provide specific information about these actions as appropriate to your loan and situation.Until the deferment has been authorized by the lender you will want to continue making payments.If you find yourself making far less money then expected, which is a very real possibility, then you need to discuss the situation with your lender. There are several, more permanent solutions to the problem such as extended repayments or income based repayments. Payment plans will differ according to the type of loan you have. Generally, a federally issued loan like those offered through Sallie Mae will have terms more lenient making it easier to work with.Often times, students encounter difficulty when they have more then one student loan. It is possible to consolidate many of the student loans on the market so you just have to pay only one payment.The penalties of defaulting on your student loans will vary according to who have the loan through and what kind of loan it is. Some of the more common consequences of default include:
Garnished wages.
The debt will be given to a collection’s agency.
A bad credit scoreIf you want to avoid defaulting on student loans all together, then only use them as a last resort. If you need a loan make sure it is for the smallest amount possible. When you are required to begin repayment make sure to keep up to date and act quickly should the worse happen.

Loan Application

In applying for a loan for refurbishing houses, the borrower shall file a written application to the lender, fill in the related application form and also provide the following documents, certificates and materials:
1. I.D. cards of the borrower and the spouse, residence booklet and other original valid residence credentials;
2. Testimonials of fixed occupation and stable economic income approved by the lender;
3. For expensive luxury refurbishing, provision of the refurbishing agreement or contract signed with the refurbishing enterprise approved by the lender and the statement of budget for the refurbishing project is necessary in principle;
4. If property is used for mortgage or pledge, provision of a detailed list of the mortgaged or pledged property by the way of security and the commitment or statement agreeing to the mortgage or pledge duly signed by the person entitled to disposal (including the co-owner of property) is necessary. For the mortgaged property as security, an evaluation report issued by the competent department and the insurance document issued by the insurance company shall be provided, and for the pledged property, a document of ownership certification shall be provided. If a guarantee is provided by a third party, a written document agreeing to guarantee by the guarantor and the related credit certification materials shall be provided.
5. Certificate of deposit with the Bank of China that is not less than 20% of the total refurbishing amount or a certificate of payment that over 20% of the sum total in refurbishing project has been paid;
6. For expensive luxury refurbishing, provision of a business license (duplicate) and a certificate of qualifications and credit records (duplicate) of the refurbishing enterprise is necessary in principle;
7. Other documents or materials of certification required by the lender.

Prospective Borrowers

Any resident in China with full capacity for civil conduct, holder of undue certificates of time deposit in local or foreign currencies issued by the Bank of China or treasure bonds, may apply for a personal loan pledged by CDs/treasure bonds to the Bank. A borrower applying for personal loan pledged by CDs/treasury bonds must also meet the following conditions:
1. Being a natural person with full capacity of civil conduct;
2. Having local registered permanent residence or valid credentials;
3. Being a holder of undue certificate(s) of time deposit or treasure bonds issued by the Bank of China;
4. Other conditions provided for by the lender.
Length of Maturity
• The length of maturity of a personal loan pledged by CDs/treasury bonds may not exceed the due date of the pledged CD . Besides, the longest maturity shall be one year. If multiple certificates of personal deposit are pledged, the length of maturity shall be set according to the nearest due date. For automatic renewal certificates of deposit, the length of maturity shall be set according to the length of automatic renewal.

Personal Loan Secured by CDs/Treasury Bonds

Personal loan pledged by certificates of deposit (CD) /treasury bonds is a kind of business combining deposit and loan in which the client gets a certain amount of Renminbi loan from the bank by pledging undue certificate(s) of time deposit and also repays the principal and interest accrued on schedule. CDs used for hypothecation are limited to certificates of time deposits issued by the savings outlets in the local administrated area of the tier-one branches of and branches under the Bank of China.